Merchant of Venice
Merchant of Venice has struck a fine balance of comedy, love and romance. Bring out the truth in the statement.
William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely
regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His extant works, including some collaborations, consist of
around 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other
verses, of which the authorship of some is uncertain. His plays have been
translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.
Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of
18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had
three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and
1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and
part-owner of a playing company called the Lord
Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. He appears to
have retired to Stratford around 1613 at age 49, where he died three years
later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been
considerable speculation about such matters as his physical
appearance, sexuality, religious
beliefs, and
whether the works attributed to him were written by
others.
Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories and these works remain regarded as some of the best work produced in
these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some
of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote
tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated
with other playwrights.
The Merchant of Venice opens with Antonio, a Christian
merchant, in a depressed state. His friends try to cheer him up, but nothing
works to make him feel better. Finally his friend Bassanio, an
aristocrat who has lost all of his money, comes and asks Antonio to loan him
some money.
Antonio, who has tied up all of his money is seafaring ventures, is
unable to give Bassanio a direct loan. Instead he offers to use his good credit
to get a loan for Bassanio. Bassanio finds Shylock, a Jewish
moneylender, and convinces him to give a loan of three thousand ducats as long
as Antonio will sign the contract. In a rather unusual twist, instead of
charging the Christian men interest, Shylock agrees to waive it as long as
Antonio promises him a pound of his flesh as collateral. Antonio, thinking this
is a "merry sport," accepts the condition of the bond (contract) and
signs it.
Bassanio takes the money and prepares to go visit Portia, a wealthy
heiress living in Belmont. She is unmarried because her father has decreed that
all suitors must first select one of three caskets in order to marry her. The
caskets, one made of gold, one of silver, and one of base lead, all contain
different messages. Only one of these caskets contains a picture of Portia. The
suitor who picks that casket will be granted permission to marry her.
Prior to Bassanio's arrival the Prince of Morocco
tries his luck in choosing among the caskets. He picks the gold casket
because it contains an inscription reading "what every man desires."
Instead of Portia's picture, he finds a skull which symbolizes the fact that
gold hides corruption. As part of losing the suit, he is further sworn to never
propose marriage to any other woman, and must return to Morocco immediately.
The next suitor, the Prince of Aragon, selects the
silver casket which bears an inscription stating that it will give a man what
he deserves. Inside is a picture of an idiot, indicating that his self-centered
approach was foolish. He too leaves in shame.
Back in Venice, Jessica, the daughter of
Shylock, has fallen in love with Lorenzo. They plan to
escape one night when Shylock is invited to eat at Bassanio's house. After Shylock
leaves Lorenzo goes to his house with two friends. Jessica appears at a window
dressed as a boy and tosses a chest of money and jewels down to them. She then
emerges from the house and runs away with Lorenzo.
Shylock, upon
discovering that his daughter has run away with a lot of his money, blames
Antonio for helping her escape. At the same time there are rumors developing in
Venice that many of Antonio's ships, with which he expected to repay Shylock
for the loan, have sunk or been lost at sea. Shylock begins to revel in the
news that Antonio is losing everything because he wants to exact his pound of
flesh in revenge for the many insults Antonio has dealt him throughout the
years.
Bassanio arrives in Belmont and meets Portia. She remembers him as the dashing
soldier with whom she fell in love several years earlier. Portia begs Bassanio
to wait before choosing among the caskets, but he demands the right to start
immediately. Without even properly reading the inscriptions, Bassanio selects
the lead one because he considers it a threatening casket. Portia is overjoyed
when he finds her portrait inside. She gives him a ring to seal their
engagement and they prepare to get married the next day. Gratiano, who has
accompanied Bassanio to Belmont, tells him that he and Nerissa (Portia's friend) wish to be married as
well.
A messenger
arrives and hands Bassanio a letter from Antonio in which he informs Bassanio
that he has lost all his money and must forfeit a pound of flesh to Shylock.
Bassanio immediately tells Portia what has happened. She orders him to take six
thousand ducats and return to Venice where he can pay Shylock and cancel the
contract. After Bassanio and Gratiano have left, Nerissa and Portia depart for
Venice disguised as men.
Shylock has Antonio arrested and brought before the Duke of Venice, who presides
over a court of justice. The Duke pleads with Shylock to forgive the contract
and let Antonio go free. When he refuses, the Duke asks him how he expects any
mercy if he is unable to offer it. The Duke then tells the gathered men that he
is waiting for a doctor of the law to arrive.
Nerissa enters the court and hands a letter to the Duke which notifies
him that a Doctor Bellario has sent an educated young doctor in his place.
Portia arrives disguised as the Doctor Balthasar. She informs the
Duke that she has studied the case and will preside over it. She first asks
Shylock for the contract and looks it over. Bassanio offers to pay Shylock the
six thousand ducats, but he refuses to accept the money, preferring instead the
revenge of killing Antonio. Unable to find any loopholes, Portia grants Shylock
his pound of flesh. Shylock, overjoyed at winning his case, holds a knife ready
to cut into Antonio's breast.
Portia stops him
by asking if he has a surgeon present to suppress the flow of blood. Shylock
tells her that the bond said nothing about providing a doctor. She informs him
that he may have his pound of flesh, but that if he sheds a single drop of
blood then Venice can take away his lands and wealth according to the law.
Shylock, clearly unable to comply with this law, asks instead that he be given
the six thousand ducats. Portia refuses his request, explaining that she has
already ruled according to the contract, and that it must be carried out.
Portia then starts
to read the contract literally, reaffirming that Shylock must take exactly one
pound of flesh, no more and no less, or he will violate the contract and die.
Shylock tells the court that he wishes to completely drop his case and forgive
Antonio the entire three thousand ducats. Portia again refuses his request, explaining
that the law in Venice states that if any foreigner conspires against the life
of a Venetian, half his wealth is to be given to the man against whom he
conspired, and half is taken as a fine by the state. In addition, the Duke is
granted the power of life and death over him.
When Shylock is
pardoned by the Duke, he informs the court that he would prefer death rather
than lose everything he owns. Antonio asks the court to return the fine of half
of Shylock's wealth provided Shylock converts to Christianity. In addition,
Antonio declares he will keep his share in a trust for Jessica and Lorenzo.
Portia agrees to this, and also makes Shylock promise to give all his money to
Lorenzo upon his death.
After the trial
Bassanio thanks "Dr. Balthasar" (Portia) for "his" good
work and offers "him" anything "he" desires. Portia asks
him for the ring she had given him earlier as a token of their love. He is
upset about giving it to her since he thinks she is "Balthasar." However,
after Antonio points out that he nearly lost his life for Bassanio, Bassanio
pulls off the ring and hands it to her.
Portia and Nerissa
return to Belmont dressed normally. Lorenzo and Jessica have been living there,
enjoying the comfortable life Belmont offers. Soon after the two women arrive,
Bassanio and Gratiano also return from Venice. The happy reunion is destroyed
when Portia asks Bassanio about the ring (which he gave away). She forgives him
only after Antonio vouches for Bassanio's fidelity.
Portia then gives
Antonio the ring and has him hand it to Bassanio. He is shocked to see it is
the same ring he gave "Balthasar". Portia finally tells him the truth
about Balthasar. The play ends with three happy couples: namely Lorenzo and
Jessica, Nerissa and Gratiano, as well as Portia and Bassanio. However, Antonio
and Shylock remain outcasts, separated from the happy ending.
The Merchant of Venice is basically the
same thing as a modern day romantic comedy. It's got romantic elements,
everybody gets married or close to it at the end, and there are comedic
elements throughout. It can be dark at times. Shylock is one nasty guy, but a
reader definitely would not call the play a drama.
Romance first. It is pretty romantic that Bassanio is willing to
"risk it all" in order to woo Portia. No, his life isn't at stake,
but it has got to be humbling for him to have to ask for money from his friend
Antonio so that he can go through with his love search. Some people would argue
that it's romantic that Jessica and Lorenzo are running away together to get married.
The play is not only about the romance of those characters though. They
aren't just taking each other out to dinner with romantic candle light. Each
couple is in love, and believes that the end goal of that love is marriage.
Portia and Bassanio, Jessica and Lorenzo, Nerissa and Gratiano. They are all in
love, and they all want to be married. It's a standard Shakespeare motif to
have the play end with a wedding or plans of a wedding soon. Hollywood loves to
end romantic comedies this way, too. The characters romance each other, then
fall in love, and get married.
As for the comedy; it's there. Launcelot's entire purpose to provide
comic relief. He makes snide comments and bags on just about everybody
else in the play. Apparently cross dressing was as funny in Shakespeare's time
as it is today. Portia dresses like a man. Jessica dresses like a boy. Plot
twist abound, too. The entire court case is one twist after another. First
Antonio is winning, then Shylock, then Antonio, and it's treated with levity
more often than not vs. a dark sinister court case tone.
The Merchant of Venice has it all:
romance, love, and comedy.
